Kuyiqiniso elingephikwe ukuthi okuhlukanisa abantu kontanga yabo yindlela yabo yokucabanga, yokuzwa kanye nokubona iqiniso. Indlela yethu yokuhlobana nemvelo esihlukanisayo, futhi indlela umuntu asabela ngayo ekushukunyisweni iyincazelo evamile yalokho okubhekwa njengobuntu.
Kungakho sibona ukuthi ukusabela ekushukunyisweni okuthile kuyehluka kuye nomuntu. Abanye abantu bakhubazwe ukwesaba, abanye bayakhala, futhi abanye basabela ngokuphumelelayo nangokushesha. Kungani sisabela ngendlela ehlukile esimweni esifanayo?
Lo mbuzo uye wagxila ezingqondweni zabacwaningi abakhulu, abaye bazama ukuthola umsuka walo mehluko. Kubangelwa yini? Futhi ngenxa yabo, kuye kwasungulwa izinkolelo-mbono eziningi zobuntu.
Isifundo setiyetha sobuntu
Ababhali abaningi baye basungula i-ejenti eyimbangela yokuhlukahluka kobuntu njenge umehluko ngamunye, echazwa njengomphumela wesimo senhlalo, umndeni, umlando kanye nemvelo ezungeza ukukhula komuntu, futhi enquma ukuxhumana nokusabela kwakhe ezisusa ezihlukahlukene.
Ukusebenzisana kwabantu kuyinqubo eyinhloko ezicini eziningi ezibandakanya ukuhleleka nokudalwa kwezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene endaweni yansuku zonke yomphakathi, yingakho abasekeli abakhulu begatsha lezengqondo nezengqondo, njengoFreud, Maslow noJung, banaka ngokukhethekile. ezicini ezinquma ukukhula komuntu, ezisekelwe kuzo izinkolelo-mbono ezihlukahlukene zobuntu. Umkhakha wesayensi yezokusebenza kwengqondo ofunda le ndawo usukela ekusesheni okulula kolwazi lomehluko phakathi kwabantu kuye kophenyo lwefilosofi olufuna ukuphendula incazelo yempilo.
Amathiyori amaningi aqala izifundo zawo encazelweni yethonya ekuphenduleni okuthinta umphakathi okunqume ukuthuthuka nokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu ngamunye.; kumongo womlando nemvelo, owadalula umuntu ezenzakalweni ezithile ezingamcindezela ukuba aveze izici ezithile zobuntu bakhe. Umthethosisekelo wezakhi zofuzo kuthiwa ezinkambisweni ezintsha zokunciphisa ukufunda kwethu, njengoba kucatshangwa ukuthi izakhi zofuzo, ngokwesikhundla sazo njengesakhiwo esidlulisela ulwazi, zisebenza njengama-vectors, lapho okhokho bethu bazuza njengefa ingxenye yokufunda abathuthuke kuyo .
Njengoba kungabonwa, lena inkambu ebanzi, futhi ngandlela thile ijabulela ukunganembeli ezimisweni zayo, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamathuluzi nezindlela ezinquma imingcele ephelele, okwenza ukuzithoba kube isici samanje, ngokwesilinganiso esikhulu noma esincane , ezifundweni zengqondo. Kodwa-ke, izindlela zokubheka nokuqinisekisa ama-postulates ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuzama nezamaphutha ziye zavumela ukwakhiwa kwemibono evamile, ebhekwa njengenikeza izimpendulo zemibuzo ngendaba yobuntu.
Izici ezithonya i-postulate yemibono yobuntu
Ukuthuthukiswa kwethiyori emkhakheni wezengqondo yomuntu kuwumsebenzi obucayi, ngakho-ke usosayensi, ngokwesikhundla sakhe njengenhlangano ehlolayo, kufanele afune ukugcina ukungakhethi kokwahlulela, ukugwema amaphutha, noma ukungena ekwakhiweni kwesichazamazwi esingahambelani. ngesenzo esihloliwe. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-hypothesis ehlulekile kumelela ukulahlekelwa ukuhlonishwa kwesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esiphakamisayo, futhi ngaphezu kwalokhu kunomthelela ekukhiqizeni isimo sesiphithiphithi nokudideka endaweni okuhlongozwayo kuyo.
Ekuthuthukisweni kwethiyori yobuntu, kutholwe izici ezintathu ezibeka ukwahlulela okungachemi kumuntu owenza ucwaningo:
- I-Dogmatism: Ixhumene eduze nomqondo we-archetype, njengoba umuntu ebambelela emicabangweni esebenze ezikhathini ezedlule. Ngakho-ke, lapho sifunda ukuthi abantu bakhula kanjani endaweni yabo, imvelo yethu yokugomela ingase ifune ukubeka izahlulelo ezidlule njengezizathu zezenzakalo ezibonwayo. Lokhu kukhawulela ukuba yiqiniso kocwaningo, futhi kusibeka engcupheni yokuqondiswa izimfundiso eziyisidala.
- I-Egocentrism: Lapha izici zobuntu bomuntu zifakiwe (okuhlangenwe nakho, izici zofuzo nezokuphila kanye nomlando womndeni), ngoba kubhekwa ukuthi ubuntu bomuntu siqu buthonya indlela yocwaningo olwenziwe, kanye neziphetho ezitholiwe.
- I-Ethnocentrism: Kucatshangwa ukuthi isici samasiko esizungeze ukuthuthukiswa kososayensi owenza ukuhlolwa, sithonya kakhulu indlela yakhe kanye nemibono yakhe. Isiko lize linqume izihloko abantu abakwazi ukuzihlola, ngoba kwezinye izikhathi, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo azizange zilinge ukuthinta ngokukhululekile izihloko zobulili noma zenkolo, ngenxa yesenzo esikhulu esizungeza umongo wocwaningo lwabo.
Ngokusekelwe ezifundweni ezithile zososayensi ngamunye, incazelo inikezwa ngezansi kumathiyori aphakanyiswe kulesi sihloko ngama-exponents ayinhloko endaweni.
umbono wokuhlaziya
Imibono yomuntu esekelwe kulo mbono izungeza ukuthuthukiswa kwezenzo eziqulekile. Kukholakala ukuthi abantu abaqapheli izici ezithinta ubuntu babo;
Izimpawu ze-archetypal zikaJung: Lo sosayensi wayekholelwa ukuthi ubuntu bukhula lapho esekhulile. U-Jung uzame izinqubo zokuquleka, ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwamaphupho namaphupho. UJung ubheke ukuquleka njengethuluzi elinamandla lokudalula izimfihlakalo ezizungeze ingqondo.
Lo sosayensi, ozifundo zakhe ezingeyona ingxenye ye-psychology evamile, wakha ithiyori esekelwe kuma-archetypes ayizithombe ezisungulwe ngomqondo ovamile omelela umbono ovamile womphakathi ngomcimbi, umqondo noma isimiso Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ezichazwa uJung yilezi: umama, i ubaba, isithunzi, i-anima kanye nezilwane, iqhawe kanye nomqili.
Sigmund Freud: Unguyise we-psychoanalysis, wayekholelwa ukuthi isigaba sokuthuthukiswa kobuntu (ngokungafani nalokho okwasungulwa nguJung) kwenzeka ebuntwaneni, futhi wadala inkolelo esekelwe ezintweni, lapho isakhiwo se-psychic sicatshangelwa sihlukaniswe izingxenye ze-3:
Yona: Kuyingxenye yobuntu enqunywa amadrayivu nezifiso eziyisisekelo (indlala, ukulala, ukoma, ubulili), futhi lokho akusunguli izenzo ezisekelwe ekwahluleleni okunengqondo. I-id isebenza ngokususelwe ekwanelisekeni kwamanje, futhi ayicabangi imiphumela noma imiphumela. Abaningi lichazwa njengesilwane kanye nengxenye engokwemvelo yomuntu.
I-Superego: Kuyingxenye eqaphelayo neyokuziphatha yengqondo yomuntu, echazwa njengesakhiwo esibuza izenzo, ukuthatha imithetho kanye nezinye izimiso zokuziphatha njengesimiso, kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuqaliswa kwazo kwanele yini.
Mina: Isakhiwo esimaphakathi esibeka kokubili ukweqisa ekuqulweni kwecala, lelo lemithetho, kanye nelokungokwemvelo (lokwaneliseka kwezidingo eziyisisekelo). Kulesi sakhiwo ubeka ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokuzivikela ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zengqondo (ukuphika, ukusabela, ukuhlonza, ukulinganisa), echaza ukukhathazeka njengempendulo yokwehluleka ukuzivumelanisa neqiniso.
Umbono wePsycho-analytical kanye nomphakathi: Izithiyori zobuntu zaleli gatsha zisekelwe ekuhlanganisweni kwemibono ye-psychoanalysis, nendawo yenhlalo ezungezile umuntu ngamunye:
U-Alfred Adler: Inkolelo-mbono yakhe yaziwa ngokuthi i-psychology yomuntu ngamunye, njengoba usosayensi wagxila eqinisweni lokuthi umuntu ngamunye uhlukile, egcina ukuthi umuntu ngamunye kumelwe aqondwe ngokombono wezenhlalo hhayi wezinto eziphilayo. Lo sosayensi usekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi umuntu ukhula ngaphansi kwesifiso sokuziphendukela kwemvelo esimenza anqobe inkimbinkimbi yakhe yokungabi nalutho. Lo mbhali wethula imiqondo yalezi zinkimbinkimbi (ukuphakama nokungabi nalutho) njengesinqumo ekuthuthukisweni kwengqondo, okungaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela zokuphila ezingalungile (uhlobo olubusayo, uhlobo lokuphumelela, uhlobo lokugwema) noma isitayela sempilo enempilo (uhlobo oluwusizo) .
U-Erik Erikson: Ukuze kuthuthukiswe umnikelo wakhe kumathiyori wobuntu, Wenza ukuhlaziya imibono yezenhlalo yezigaba zentuthuko ezichazwe uFreud, okungukuthi, esigabeni ngasinye seFreudian wasungula isifaniso ngokombono wezenhlalakahle.
Le ndlela yososayensi yasondeza indlela ye-psychoanalytic ecabangela ubudlelwano bezenhlalakahle namasiko esikhundleni sokugxila kuphela ezinqubweni zomuntu ngamunye.
U-Karen Horney: Ukhiphe ithiyori ethinta i-psychoanalysis ngokombono wokusebenzisana kwabantu. Ucabange ukuthi ukuziphatha kuthintwa ukungqubuzana kanye nokuguquka kokuziphatha kwavela ngenxa yezinkinga ezingaxazululiwe. Wasungula izinhlobo ezintathu zezenzo zemizwa: Hamba uye kubantu, phikisana nabantu noma usuke kubantu.
Umbono Wesici
Izici eziguquguqukayo ezigcina zilolonge izici zomuntu Kulokhu kwamanje, abacwaningi bagxile ocwaningweni lwabo.
I-Allport: Lo sosayensi wasungula inkolelo-mbono eye yachazwa ngokuthi isekelwe “ekuqondeni okuvamile,” ethi kusukela ebuntwaneni kukhona ukungaguquguquki ekukhuleni kobuntu. Wayekholelwa ethonyeni lezinto eziphilayo nezingokwengqondo kubuntu.
I-Cattell: Lo sosayensi wayecabanga ukuthi ubuntu buyisici esisivumela ukuba sibikezele ukuthi umuntu uzosabela kanjani ezimweni ezithile, lapho izici zingamayunithi esinganikeza ukubaluleka kokubikezela. Umnikelo obaluleke kakhulu awenza kwaba yi-systematization yobuntu, futhi wasebenza ekuhlukeni kwalezi zici kubantu abahlukahlukene.
Umbono wokuqonda:
Amathiyori obuntu athuthukiswe kulokhu kugxila kwamanje kusici somqondo njengesicaciso enqubweni, lapho umuntu ethathwa njengebhizinisi elikwazi ukubumba izici ezizochaza ukuziphatha kwabo. Phakathi kwemibono ephakanyiswe kulo mbono, sina:
Kelly: Ithiyori yakhe yaziwa ngokuthi “izakhiwo zomuntu siqu,” futhi yayisekelwe ekutadisheni imicabango yomuntu. Ihlukile ezindleleni zokuqonda ngoba igxila kumuntu ngamunye, hhayi ezimweni ezibazungezile, ngoba, kuKelly, ubuntu buwumphumela wezinqubo zangaphakathi.
U-Mischel no-Bandura: Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zaziwa ngendlela yazo yokuqonda ekufundeni komphakathi. Enikela ngethiyori yakhe, ukusekela iqiniso lokuthi isici sokuqonda sihlanganisa ukuguquguquka okubalulekile ekuchazeni ubuntu. Baziwa ngokuhlukana nokuhluka kocwaningo, okuchazwa ngokusekelwe ezicini.