I-cerebral cortex ungqimba oluncane lobuchopho oluvala ingaphandle lobuchopho (phakathi kuka-1 no-5 mm). Imbozwe ama-meninges futhi ngokuvamile yaziwa nangokuthi i-grey matter.. I-gray cortex ibizwa kanjalo ngenxa yokuthi imizwa kule ndawo ayinakho ukuxhuma okwenza ezinye izingxenye eziningi zobuchopho zibonakale zimhlophe. I-cortex noma i-cerebral cortex ivala i-cerebellum.
I-cerebral cortex, umsebenzi kanye nendawo
I-cortex noma i-cerebral cortex iqukethe izigaxa ezigoqiwe ezibizwa ngokuthi i-gyri ezidala imifantu ejulile noma imifantu. Ukugoqa kobuchopho kusendaweni engaphezulu futhi kwenyusa inani lezinto ezimpunga kanye nenani lolwazi elingalucubungula. I-cerebral cortex iyingxenye ethuthuke kakhulu yobuchopho bomuntu futhi inesibopho sokucabanga, ukubona, ukukhiqiza nokuqonda ulimi.
Ukucubungula okuningi kolwazi kwenzeka ku-cerebral cortex. Ihlukaniswe yaba amalobe amane anomsebenzi othile. Lawa ma-lobe ahlanganisa ama-lobe angaphambili, ama-parietal lobes, ama-temporal lobes, nama-occipital lobes.
I-cortex ye-cerebral ihileleke emisebenzini eminingana yomzimba, kuhlanganise:
- Ukunqunywa kobuhlakani
- Ukunqunywa kobuntu
- Umsebenzi wezimoto
- Ukuhleleka nokuhleleka
- Ukuzwa kokuthinta
- Ukucutshungulwa kolwazi lwezinzwa
- ukucutshungulwa kolimi
I-cerebral cortex iqukethe izindawo zokuzwa kanye nezindawo zemoto. Izindawo zezinzwa zithola ulwazi kuthalamus futhi zicubungule ulwazi oluhlobene nezinzwa. Zihlanganisa i-visual cortex ye-occipital lobe, i-cortex yokuzwa ye-temporal lobe, i-gustatory cortex, ne-somatosensory cortex ye-parietal lobe. Ngaphakathi kwezindawo zezinzwa kunezindawo zokuhlangana ezenza umqondo wokuzwa futhi zihlobanise imizwa nezisusa ezithile. Izindawo zezimoto, okuhlanganisa i-primary motor cortex kanye ne-premotor cortex, zilawula ukunyakaza kokuzithandela.
Itholakala kuphi i-cerebral cortex? Itholakala engxenyeni engenhla yobuchopho. Iphakeme kunezinye izakhiwo ezifana nobuchopho noma i-medulla oblongata.
Yingxenye yobuchopho eyenza sibe abantu
I-cerebral cortex iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yobuchopho bethu (okungenani emkhakheni wezengqondo) ngoba yiyona eyenza sibe abantu. I-cerebral cortex (ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "i-grey matter") empeleni iyinzwa egcwele kakhulu. Sizalwa sinama-neurons amaningi ku-cerebral cortex yethu kunamanje, kodwa awanalwazi. Njengoba ukhula, ama-neurons afunda ukusebenzisana enza lokho esikubiza ngokuthi amanethiwekhi e-neural ku-cerebral cortex.
Uma i-cerebral cortex ikhula, inkulu impela futhi igcwele imibimbi, le mibimbi iyimifantu. I-cerebral cortex ihlukaniswe ngama-hemispheres amabili: i-hemisphere yesokudla ne-hemisphere yesokunxele. Ingxenye enkulu, ama-hemispheres abonisa lokho esikubiza ngokuthi ukulawulwa kwe-contralateral: okusho ukuthi i-hemisphere yesokunxele ilawula uhlangothi lwesokudla lomzimba futhi i-hemisphere yesokudla ilawula uhlangothi lwesobunxele.
Ngokuvamile, abantu abakwesokudla (labo abane-hemisphere yesokunxele evelele) babonakala bengcono emisebenzini enengqondo nelandelanayo. Abantu abasebenzisa isandla sobunxele (labo abane-hemisphere yesokudla evelele) bangcono emisebenzini yendawo kanye neyokudala.
Phakathi kwama-hemispheres amabili kunebhande lemicu yezinzwa ebizwa ngokuthi i-corpus callosum. Umsebenzi we-corpus callosum ukusiza ama-hemispheres amabili ukuxhumana nomunye nomunye. Kwezinye izimo zabantu abanesithuthwane esinzima, i-corpus callosum ikhishwa ngokuhlinzwa futhi umsebenzi wokuthumba uyancipha. Nokho, Laba bantu balahlekelwa ikhono le-hemispheres yabo ukuxhumana nomunye nomunye, babizwa ngokuthi iziguli ezihlukene zobuchopho.
Empeleni banobuchopho obubili obuhlukene ngaphakathi kwekhanda labo, futhi ubuchopho obunye awazi ukuthi omunye wenzani. Isibonelo, kubantu abaningi, ikhono lokubona livela ku-hemisphere yesokunxele (elawula inkambu efanele yokubona). Ngakho-ke uma isiguli esinobuchopho obuhlukene sibona indlovu endaweni yaso yesokunxele ebonakalayo, ngeke sikwazi ukusho esikubonayo, kodwa singakubhala ngesandla sokudla (kodwa hhayi isandla sobunxele). Ngenqubo ye-plasticity, iziguli eziningi ezinokuphuka kobuchopho zizonxephezela futhi zithole indlela yokuthi ama-hemispheres axhumane.
Izindawo ze-cerebral cortex
Ama-lobes we-cerebral cortex
I-cerebral cortex ihlukaniswe ngama-lobes amane (izindawo). Nokho, empeleni sinama-lobe ayisishiyagalombili ngoba i-lobe ngayinye inohlangothi lwesokudla nesobunxele. I-cortex ye-cerebral i-contralateralized.
i-lobe yangaphambili
Ama-lobe angaphambili atholakala phezulu ebuchosheni bethu ngemuva kwamehlo ethu. I-front lobe yilapho iningi lobuntu bethu likhona. Kuhileleke ekhonweni lokulawula imizwelo yethu nemicabango engabonakali. Kunezindawo ezimbili eziqondile ku-lobe yangaphambili:
- I-Motor cortex. Itholakala ngemuva kwenkaba yangaphambili futhi ithumela amasignali (ama-motor neurons) ukutshela umzimba wakho ukuthi unyakaze.
- Indawo ye-Drill bit. Itholakala engxenyeni engaphambili yesobunxele (kwabanye abantu abangakwesokunxele itholakala ngakwesokudla). Le ndawo ilawula yonke imisipha yomlomo ehilelekile ekukhulumeni. Uma indawo ye-Broca ilimele (ebizwa nge-Broca's Aphasia) ngeke kukwazi ukukhuluma.
I-Parietal lobes
I-parietal lobes itholakala ngemuva kwe-lobes yangaphambili phezulu kwekhanda. Iningi lama-parietal lobes lakhiwe izindawo zokuhlangana. Kunesakhiwo esibalulekile:
- I-sensory cortex. Itholakala engxenyeni engaphambili ye-parietal lobe futhi inesibopho sokukwenza uzizwe imizwa ethintekayo emzimbeni, kokubili kumnandi futhi kubuhlungu. Ulwazi luthunyelwa ama-sensory neurons kuthalamus futhi luthunyelwe ku-sensory cortex ukuze ukwazi ukukuzwa.
izicubu ze-occipital
Itholakala ngemuva kobuchopho bethu, ama-occipital lobes anesibopho sombono wethu. Ziqukethe i-primary visual cortex ekusiza ukuthi uhumushe ulwazi amehlo akho akuthumelela lona.
I-lobes yesikhashana
Akhiwe ngenhla nje kwezindlebe nhlangothi zombili zekhanda, ama-lobes esikhashana alawula ukuzwa futhi aqukethe i-cortex yokuzwa. Azikho lateralized. I-lobe yesikhashana yesokunxele ibandakanyeka ekuzweni ezindlebeni zombili ezingakwesokudla nesobunxele. Kunesakhiwo okufanele wazi:
- Lena indawo ka-Wernicke. Itholakala engxenyeni yesikhashana yesokunxele futhi inesibopho sokuhumusha kokubili inkulumo yomlomo nokubhala. Isetshenziselwa ukufunda nokulalela. Uma le ndawo ilimele, uzohlushwa yi-Wernicke's aphasia, awukwazi ukuqonda okufundayo noma okuzwayo.
Izinkinga ze-Cerebral cortex
Umuntu angase alimale noma ashone emangqamuzaneni obuchopho ku-cerebral cortex. Izimpawu ezitholakalayo zincike endaweni ye-cortex eyonakele.
i-apraxia
I-Apraxia iyiqembu lezinkinga ezibonakala ngokungakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ethile yezimoto, nakuba kungekho monakalo kumotho noma ukusebenza kwezinzwa zenzwa. Abantu bangase babe nobunzima bokuhamba, abakwazi ukuzigqoka, noma bangakwazi ukusebenzisa izinto ezivamile ngendlela efanele. I-Apraxia ivame ukubonakala kubantu abanesifo i-Alzheimer's, i-Parkinson's disorders, kanye ne-frontal lobe disorders.
I-Agraphia
Ukulimala kwe-parietal lobe ye-cerebral cortex kungabangela isimo esaziwa ngokuthi i-agraphia. Laba bantu banobunzima bokubhala noma abakwazi ukubhala.
I-Ataxia
Ukulimala kwe-cerebral cortex nakho kungabangela i-ataxia. Lezi zinhlobo zokuphazamiseka zibonakala ngokuntuleka kokuxhumana nokulinganisela. Abantu abakwazi ukwenza ukunyakaza kwemisipha ngokuzithandela ngaphandle kwezinkinga.
Ukulimala kwe-cerebral cortex kuye kwahlotshaniswa nokuphazamiseka kokucindezeleka, ubunzima bokwenza izinqumo, ukuntuleka kokulawula umfutho, izinkinga zenkumbulo, nezinkinga zokunaka.