Ingabe bonke abantu baziphatha kahle? Lesi sici somuntu sithuthukiswa kanjani? Le mibuzo ibilokhu isezingqondweni zezinkulungwane zabantu amakhulu eminyaka, kodwa ukuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha kuye kwaba isihloko esishisayo kokubili kwengqondo nemfundo, futhi kusenjalo nanamuhla. Ingabe amathonya abazali noma omphakathi anendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kokuziphatha? Ingabe zonke izingane zihlakulela ukuziphatha ngendlela efanayo?
Enye yemibono eyaziwa kakhulu ehlola eminye yale mibuzo eyisisekelo yasungulwa isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uLawrence Kohlberg. Umsebenzi wakhe uguqule futhi wanweba umsebenzi kaJean Piaget ukuchaza ukuthi izingane zithuthukisa kanjani ukucabanga ngamazwi. UPiaget uchaze inqubo enezigaba ezimbili zokuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha, kuyilapho inkolelo-mbono ka-Kohlberg yokuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha ichaza izigaba eziyisithupha emazingeni amathathu ahlukene. U-Kohlberg welula inkolelo-mbono kaPiaget, ephakamisa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha kuyinqubo eqhubekayo eyenzeka kukho konke ukuphila.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ithiyori ka-Kohlberg iye yagxekwa ngokuba yiNtshonalanga, igxile kwabesilisa (ikakhulukazi wasebenzisa izifundo zocwaningo zabesilisa) kanye nokuba nombono womhlaba omncane osuselwe ezinhlelweni zenani eliphezulu eliphakathi nendawo kanye nemibono.
Inkinga kaHeinz
U-Kohlberg wasekela umbono wakhe ochungechungeni lwezinkinga zokuziphatha ezethulwa kulaba ababambiqhaza futhi wabuye waxoxwa naye ukuze kutholwe isizathu esibangela ukwahlulela kwabo mayelana nesimo ngasinye.
Isibonelo sasithi "U-Heinz weba izidakamizwa." Kulesi simo, owesifazane unomdlavuza futhi odokotela bakhe bakholelwa ukuthi umuthi kuphela ongamsindisa. Lo muthi utholwa usokhemisi wasendaweni futhi ungatholwa ngo-$200 umthamo ngamunye kodwa uthengiswa ngo-$2.000 umthamo ngamunye. Umyeni walona wesifazane, u-Heinz, wayengaqongelela u-$1.000 kuphela ukuze athenge umuthi. Wazama ukuxoxisana nosokhemisi ngentengo ephansi noma athole isikweletu esengeziwe ukuze asikhokhe nyanga zonke. Kodwa usokhemisi wenqaba ukuyithengisa ngemali encane noma ukwamukela izinkokhelo ezingaphelele. Enqatshiwe, uHeinz wagqekeza ekhemisi weba lesi sidakamizwa ukuze asindise umkakhe. U-Kohlberg wabuza, 'Ingabe umyeni ubenelungelo lokwenza lokhu?'
U-Kohlberg wayengenasithakazelo kangako empendulweni yokuthi u-Heinz wayenephutha noma cha, kodwa ekucabangeni ngemuva kwesinqumo sombambi qhaza ngamunye. Izimpendulo zabe sezihlukaniswa ngezigaba ezihlukahlukene zokucabanga emcabangweni wakhe wokuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha.
Izinga 1. Ukuziphatha Kwangaphambilini
Isiteji 1: Isijeziso-ukulalela
Isigaba sokuqala sokukhula kokuziphatha, ukulalela nokujezisa sivame kakhulu ezinganeni ezincane, kodwa abantu abadala nabo bayakwazi ukuveza lolu hlobo lokucabanga. Kulesi sigaba, u-Kohlberg uthi, izingane zibheka imithetho njengemisiwe futhi iphelele. Ukulalela imithetho kubalulekile ngoba kuyindlela yokugwema imiphumela emibi yokuziphatha kwakho.
Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwesijeziso ukuze umuntu agweme ukwenza isenzo futhi aqhubeke nokulalela imithetho. Isibonelo, silandela umthetho ngoba asifuni ukuya ejele.
Isiteji sesi-2: Ukuma kwe-instrumental relativistic
Esigabeni sobuntu nokushintshana sokuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha, izingane zimelela imibono yomuntu ngamunye futhi zahlulele izenzo ngokusekelwe endleleni ezisiza ngayo izidingo zomuntu ngamunye. Enkingeni ka-Heinz, izingane zaphikisa ngokuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokwenza inketho ehlangabezana kangcono nezidingo zikaHeinz. Ukubuyisana kungenzeka kuleli qophelo ekuthuthukisweni kokuziphatha, kodwa kuphela uma kufeza izithakazelo zomuntu.
Kulesi sigaba, umuntu kuthiwa wehlulela ukuziphatha kwesenzo ngokusekelwe ekutheni sihlangabezana kanjani nezidingo zomuntu ngamunye zomenzi. Isibonelo nje, umuntu weba imali yomunye umuntu ngoba edinga leyo mali ukuze athengele izingane zakhe ezilambile.
Izinga 2. Ukuziphatha Okuvamile
Isiteji sesi-3: Kwaziwa ngele-'good boy-good girl'
Isigaba sobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu sokuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha sigxile ekuphileni okulindelwe umphakathi kanye nezindima. Kugcizelelwa ukuvumelana, ukuba “muhle,” kanye nokucabangela ukuthi ukukhetha kubuthinta kanjani ubudlelwano nabanye abantu.
Kulesi sigaba, umuntu wahlulela isenzo esisekelwe ezindimeni zomphakathi kanye nalokho okulindelwe emphakathini phambi kwakhe. Lokhu kwaziwa nangokuthi isigaba “sobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu”. Ngokwesibonelo, ingane inikeza ukudla kwayo kwasemini enganeni empofu ngoba icabanga ukuthi iwumfana olungile.
Isigaba 4: Ukuqondiswa koMthetho Nokuhleleka
Kulesi sigaba kugxilwe ekugcineni ukuhleleka komphakathi. Kulesi sigaba sokuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha, abantu baqala ukucabangela umphakathi uwonke lapho benza izahlulelo. Umgomo uwukugcina umthetho nokuhleleka ngokulandela imithetho, ukwenza umsebenzi nokuhlonipha igunya. Ngale ndlela, ukuhlalisana okuhle komphakathi kuyakhuthazwa.
Izinga lesi-3. I-Postconventional Moral
Isiteji sesi-5: Ukuqondiswa kwenkontileka yomphakathi
Kulesi sigaba abantu baqala ukuqaphela amagugu, imibono nezinkolelo ezahlukene zabanye abantu. Imithetho yomthetho ibalulekile ekugcineni umphakathi, kodwa amalungu omphakathi kufanele avumelane nalezi zindinganiso.
Isiteji sesi-6: ukuqondiswa kwezimiso zokuziphatha zomhlaba wonke
Izinga lokugcina lika-Kohlberg lokucabanga ngokuziphatha lisekelwe ezimisweni zokuziphatha zomhlaba wonke kanye nokucabanga okungacacile. Kulesi sigaba, abantu balandela lezi zimiso zobulungisa ezifakwe ngaphakathi, ngisho noma zingqubuzana nemithetho nemithetho.
Ukugxekwa kokuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha kukaKohlberg
Ithiyori ka-Kohlberg ibhekisela ekucabangeni kokuziphatha, kodwa kukhona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kokwazi ukuthi yini okufanele siyenze ngokumelene nezenzo zethu zangempela. Ngakho-ke, ukucabanga ngokuziphatha kungase kungaholeli ekuziphatheni okuhle. Lokhu kungenye nje kokugxeka okuningi kwethiyori kaKohlberg.
Abagxeki baye baveza ukuthi inkolelo-mbono kaKohlberg yokuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha idlula umqondo wobulungisa lapho kuthathwa izinqumo zokuziphatha. Izici ezinjengobubele, ukunakekela, neminye imizwa yomuntu siqu zingafeza indima ebalulekile ekucabangeni ngokuziphatha.
I-Kolberg ayicabangi ukuthi amasiko aseMpumalanga kanye namaqoqo angaba nemibono ehlukene ngokuziphatha ngaphandle kokuthi kungafaneleki emasikweni abo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo eziningi ezifundweni zabo zazingaphansi kweminyaka engu-16 ubudala futhi zingenakho okuhlangenwe nakho okufanele kwempilo. Inkinga ka-Heinz kungenzeka ukuthi yayingaqondakali kakhulu ukuze lezi zingane zisiqonde, futhi isimo esisebenza kakhulu ezikhathazayo zansuku zonke sasingase siholele emiphumeleni ehlukene.
Abagxeki balo mbono bakhuluma ngokuchema ngobulili ngoba izihloko zocwaningo kwakungamadoda. U-Kohlberg wayekholelwa ukuthi abesifazane bavame ukuhlala ezingeni lesithathu lokuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha ngoba bagcizelela kakhulu izinto ezifana nobudlelwane bomphakathi. kanye nenhlalakahle yabanye. Kwakucatshangwa futhi ukuthi kulo mbono imibandela yobulungisa iyihaba nokuthi ukucabanga okuhle kokuziphatha akubhekwana nayo.